On September 4, 1952, before Brown v. Board of Education case was issued, Autherine Lucy and friend, Mollie Ann Meyers, sent their applications to the University of Alabama. Realizing that Lucy and Myers were African American, the university rescinded, stating that they were no longer welcomed. Civil rights lawyers, Arthur Shores and Thurgood Marshall brought the case to court. The first case to test the Supreme Court’s decree giving Federal District Court judges the authority to implement the Brown decision, which concludes that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.
Pearl S. Buck authored over 80 books, including The Good Earth, part of a trilogy about what started off as peasant life of the Wang family in old agrarian China. She was the first woman to be awarded both the Nobel and Pulitzer Prize in literature and was active in American civil rights and women's rights activities and published essays in both Crisis, the journal of the NAACP, and Opportunity, the magazine of the Urban League.
In the early 1900s, women entrepreneurs were few. At the age of the 24, Helena set off to Australia aboard the Prinz Regent Luitpol with a parasol, twelve jars of face cream and twelve talismans. Helena opened her first beauty institute in Melbourne in 1902, capitalizing on women's burgeoning independence and turned equal rights into a marketing opportunity for her products. She sold the company to Lehman Brothers in 1928 before the Great Depression. She bought back $1.5 million in stock and increased its valuation to $100 million.
Untutored in classical music but influenced by jazz and blues, Mahalia Jackson would create her own style and establish herself as a gospel singer. During her lifetime, she performed for kings and queens, presidents and prime ministers and kept going back to sing in churches for the people who loved her voice first.
Very little is known of Amelia Simmons, believed to be the author of the first American cookbook by a European American. "American Cookery, or the art of dressing viands, fish, poultry, and vegetables, and the best modes of making pastes, puffs, pies, tarts, puddings, custards, and preserves, and all kinds of cakes, from the imperial plum to plain cake: Adapted to this country, and all grades of life" is considered by the Library of Congress to be one of the 88 books that shaped America.
