On August 7, 1945, Lise Meitner received a call from a reporter with a Swedish newspaper telling her that the first uranium bomb had been used over Hiroshima. Said to be the equivalent of 20,000 tons of ordinary explosives, the bomb had destroyed five square miles of Hiroshima, killing between 70,000 to 100,000 people. The order had been given by President Harry S. Truman. A second would be dropped on Nagasaki with similar consequences.
Lise Meitner (n. Elise Meitner) was born in the family apartment at 27 Kaiser Josefstrasse on either November 7 or 17, 1878 in Vienna, Austria. She was the third of eight children born to Phillip and Hedwig Meitner. From a young age, she had a passion for math and science at a time when education was still limited to girls and formal school generally ended at age fourteen.
She developed an interest in physics and was the first woman admitted to the physics lectures and laboratories at the University of Vienna, taught by Professor Ludwig Bolzmann. He would create an environment where she and other female students were free to learn. In 1906, she graduated summa cum laude with her doctorate.
In 1907, Lise would leave for Berlin, Germany to study at the Friedric-Wilhelm-Universitat facing more discrimination than in Vienna on the basis of her sex.
She would meet Otto Hahn, a chemist, and the two would collaborate for nearly 30 years. They achieved important results in the new field of nuclear physics. The two would discover that when a radioactinium atom expels an alpha particle, the daughter atom recoils with enough force that would send it recoiling from the parent atom. The colleagues showed that scientists could purposely reproduce this in the laboratory.
In their second major discovery, she and Otto discovered a new radioactive element, protactinium (Pa), isolating it from pitchblende. Otto’s name would appear as “senior author” on the paper.
She wrote articles under the name “L. Meitner” for extra money since publications refused to accept articles by female authors. She would become the first woman professor in Germany.
She would build the first Wilson cloud chamber in Berlin to observe the behavior of atoms and their nuclei. Invented by CTR Wilson around the 1900 for the study of clouds and mist, the cloud chamber was a sealed chamber filled with moist, dense cloud-like air. As the particles moved, they formed visible tracks in the mist. The equipment would be displayed at Deutsches Museum, a science and technology museum in Munich, for 35 years without ever mentioning her name.
After 31 years in Germany, with worsening conditions for Jews, Lise would leave for Holland. Through written correspondences, she continued her collaboration with Otto Hahn in determining whether a uranium atom could be split… leading to the discovery of nuclear fission. Their calculations proved that the mass of the two new atoms would be less than that of the original atom, due to mass burned in the process.
In 1944, Otto Hahn would be awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of nuclear fission. Lise was not recognized. Niels Bohr would later nominate Lise and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch for the Nobel Prize in physics in 1946, then for chemistry in 1947 and 1948 but never received enough votes from the committee.
In 1966, she, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman were awarded the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission’s Enrico Fermi Prize for their contribution to the discovery of nuclear fission.
She died October 27, 1968, short of her 90th birthday. The Society for Heavy Ion Research (GSI) proposed that element 190 (Meitnererium, Mt) be named after her in 1994.
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Like this post? Stop by and read "Marie Curie, the Scientist: A Woman of Firsts." Physicist/chemist Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize and the only woman to have won the Nobel Prize twice; for physics in 1903, and chemistry in 1911. During her lifetime, she would discover both polonium and radium. In 1994, a new element, Curium, would be named after her and husband, Pierre Curie.
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Works cited:
- Barron, Rachel Stiffler. Lise Meitner, Discoverer of Nuclear Fission. Morgan Reynolds, 2000.
- Rife, Patricia. “Lise Meitner.” Jewish Women's Archive.
- Sime, Ruth Lewin. Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics. Univ. of California Press, 1996.
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